Energy acquisition and project finance : priorities in the past and nowadays

Project financing is a relatively new, yet special branch of financial instruments. It is an important financial tool for projects that can finance large-scale, strategic investments. High leverage is a preferred form of financing, as it can also be a source of expensive, cost-effective projects. Project investment is considered to be a priority area for energy investment, its strategic importance, its secure return and its stable price. The aim of this study is to examine the development of project financing globally and to the EMEA region, with particular emphasis on energy investments, including trends in recent years.peer-reviewe

A model based DC analysis of SiPM breakdown voltages

A new method to determine the breakdown voltage of SiPMs is presented. It is backed up by a DC model which describes the breakdown phenomenon by distinct avalanche turn-on ($V_{01}$) and turn off ($V_{10}$) voltages. It is shown that $V_{01}$ is related to the 'breakdown voltage' that previous DC methods derive from simple reverse current-voltage measurements, while $V_{10}$ is the 'real' breakdown voltage commonly obtained from complex gain-voltage measurements. The proposed method reveals how the microcell population distributes around $V_{01}$ and $V_{10}$. It is found that if this distribution is assumed to be normal, then both voltages and even their standard deviation can readily be extracted from current-voltage curves. Measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical model

Air pollution modelling using a graphics processing unit with CUDA

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a powerful tool for parallel computing. In the past years the performance and capabilities of GPUs have increased, and the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) - a parallel computing architecture - has been developed by NVIDIA to utilize this performance in general purpose computations. Here we show for the first time a possible application of GPU for environmental studies serving as a basement for decision making strategies. A stochastic Lagrangian particle model has been developed on CUDA to estimate the transport and the transformation of the radionuclides from a single point source during an accidental release. Our results show that parallel implementation achieves typical acceleration values in the order of 80-120 times compared to CPU using a single-threaded implementation on a 2.33 GHz desktop computer. Only very small differences have been found between the results obtained from GPU and CPU simulations, which are comparable with the effect of stochastic transport phenomena in atmosphere. The relatively high speedup with no additional costs to maintain this parallel architecture could result in a wide usage of GPU for diversified environmental applications in the near future.Comment: 5 figure

Probability of the emergence of helical precipitation patterns in the wake of reaction-diffusion fronts

Helical and helicoidal precipitation patterns emerging in the wake of reaction-diffusion fronts are studied. In our experiments, these chiral structures arise with well-defined probabilities P_H controlled by conditions such as e.g., the initial concentration of the reagents. We develop a model which describes the observed experimental trends. The results suggest that P_H is determined by a delicate interplay among the time and length scales related to the front and to the unstable precipitation modes and, furthermore, the noise amplitude also plays a quantifiable role.Comment: 7 pages, 5 composite figure

Ring closure reactions of bicyclic prolinol and prolin ester enantiomers

Starting from the of bicyclic proline ester, ethyl exo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylate (+)-5 several hydantoines and thiohydantoines were prepared by acidic ring closure of the corresponding urea or thiourea derivatives. Enantiomer (-)-5 was reduced to 2-azanorbornylmethanol 12, which was transformed to 5,8-methanooxazolo- and thiazolo[3,4-a] pyridine derivatives. The structures, stereochemistry and relative configurations of the synthesized compounds were proved by NMR

EXAMINATION OF HOLIDAY HABITS IN HUNGARY, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO RURAL TOURISM

The paper aims to examine the demand for rural tourism, targeting the design of offers following the period of the pandemic. The topic of the present study, is the examination of the holiday habits of the Hungarian population focusing on rural tourism. Following the theoretical background regarding rural tourism, rural tourism destination and tourism motivation, the primary research investigates the holiday habits of various age groups and the differences between these, the frequency of traveling and planned overstays, and the optional programs as recreational and gastronomic activities, their willingness to spend for the offers that form an integral part of the rural tourism. The survey method was chosen and the respondents were assigned via a random sample. The collected data was processed via IBM SPSS 25 program, in which unary and binary operations, correlation analysis was done. The study highlights that there is a high demand for rural tourism in the countryside in the postpandemic period, is a general need for recreation irrespective of age, educational background, or residence. The respondents would participate in a genuine rural program irrespective of age, educational background, or residence. It was also proven that there is a significant difference between the travelling frequency of the various groups, according to which, the middle-aged respondents travel most frequently to the countryside, followed by the seniors and the youth

Hydrothermal processes related to Triassic and Jurassic submarine basaltic complexes in northeastern Hungary and in the Dinarides and Hellenides

Comparative studies on hydrothermal alteration of submarine peperitic basalt occurrences related to the Triassic early rifting of the Neotethys were carried out in various parts of the Dinarides and Hellenides. The study areas included the displaced fragments of the Dinarides in the Darnó Unit, NE Hungary, the Kalnik Mts in Croatia and the Vares-Šmreka area in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the Hellenides, similar environments were studied in the Stragopetra Mts., Greece. Jurassic pillow basalts formed in a back-arc-basin of the Neotethys were also studied (in the Szarvaskő Unit, NE Hungary, which also represents a displaced unit of Dinaridic origin). Within the submarine basaltic lava flows, six volcanic facies were distinguished. The hydrothermal alteration was characterized according to those facies. The first process was the albitization of the rock-forming plagioclase at ~300°C temperature in all localities. During the higher temperature stage of the subsequent cooling, chloritization in the ground mass is typical for all types of basalts, however chlorite and rarely quartz formed in the fractures and amygdales of the Triassic basalts, while chlorite, quartz and prehnite precipitated in the fractures of the Jurassic rocks. At lower temperatures of this cooling-related process, calcite is a common mineral filling up the larger amygdales, jig-saw type fractures and other open spaces, but some epidote, pumpellyite, prehnite and laumontite also occur in the Triassic basalts. The late stage alteration (happened at the lowest temperature) is characterized by argillitization at every locality. The observed hydrothermal alteration patterns also show slight differences according to the volcanic facies as a function of the distal/proximal setting in relation to the eruptive centers and the presence/absence of water-saturated and unconsolidated carbonate or siliciclastic sediments at the time of the emplacement of lava flows. The study revealed that the most important factors influencing mineralogy and zoning of hydrothermal alteration in these short living local hydrothermal systems are the rapid cooling of the hydrothermal fluid, the dominance of the not much evolved seawater as the source of hydrothermal fluid and the local, i.e. effective water/rock ratio, determined by the degree of fracturing in the rock. The mineralogical-textural peculiarities of the highly localized hydrothermal fluid/rock interaction in the studied submarine sea-mount type volcanoes are clearly different from the products of the large-scaled hydrothermal processes occurring at mid-oceanic ridges. Recognition of these differences is important in the evaluation of ore potential of Neotethyan realm or other areas with occurrences of submarine basaltic unit